It allows the reader to immediately link the footnote to the subject of the text without having to take the time to find the note at the back of the paper.Readers interested in identifying the source or note can quickly glance down the page to find what they are looking for.A reader may believe you are trying to hide something by burying it in a hard-to-find endnote. Endnotes may carry a negative connotation much like the proverbial "fine print" or hidden disclaimers in advertising.Depending on how they are created, you may have to remember the chapter number as well as the endnote number in order to find the correct one.If you want to look at the text of a particular endnote, you have to flip to the end of the research paper to find the information.As a separate section of a research paper, endnotes allow the reader to read and contemplate all the notes at once.Endnotes are less distracting to the reader and allows the narrative to flow better.Extending the Timeliness of a Topic Idea.The title should be brief but clearly explain what is in the table. Every table needs a unique title after its label. Tables should appear at the end of your paper, after the reference list and before any appendixes. Don’t forget to identify the unit of measurement.ĪPA style has a specific format for tables. Be sure to explain all abbreviations except standard abbreviations such as M, SD, and df. The table should also make sense on its own. Only mention the most important pieces of information from the table. Do not discuss every piece of data that is in the table or else there is no point in having the table. When using a table, you need to refer to the table in the text (e.g., "As shown in Table 1,…") and point out to the reader what they should be looking for in the table. If you only need to present a few numbers, you should do so directly in the text, not in a table.Įach table should be identified by a number, in the order that they appear in the text (e.g., Table 1, Table 2, etc.). Tables are only necessary for large amounts of data that would be too complicated in the text. However, you do not need to present all of your data in tabular form. Tables enable you to show your data in an easy to read format. See our APA guidelines on Footnotes and Endnotes for more information. If you are including a quote that is longer than 500 words or a table or figure in your paper that was originally published elsewhere, then you need to include a footnote that acknowledges that you have permission from the owner of the copyright to use the material. If the information is important, authors find a way to incorporate it into the text itself or put it in an appendix. Most authors do not use footnotes because they tend to be distracting to the readers.
If it is longer than a few sentences, then you should consider putting this information in an appendix. The footnote should only express one idea. In other words, content footnotes provide important information that is a tangent to what you are discussing in your paper. Content footnotes contain information that supplements the text, but would be distracting or inappropriate to include in the body of the paper. The only reasons you need to use footnotes are for explanatory (content) notes or copyright permission.
Footnotes and Endnotes: When footnotes/endnotes might be necessaryīecause APA style uses parenthetical citations, you do not need to use footnotes or endnotes to cite your sources. In general, the content of an appendix should conform to the appropriate APA style rules for formatting text. The actual format of the appendix will vary depending on the content therefore, there is no single format. In the main text, you should refer to the Appendices by their labels. (without quotes) in the order that each item appears in the paper. If your paper only has one appendix, label it "Appendix" (without quotes.) If there is more than one appendix, label them "Appendix A," "Appendix B," etc. Usually, each distinct item has its own appendix. Your paper may have more than one appendix. Examples of items you might have in an appendix include mathematical proofs, lists of words, the questionnaire used in the research, a detailed description of an apparatus used in the research, etc.
Appendices: When appendices might be necessaryĪppendices allow you to include detailed information in your paper that would be distracting in the main body of the paper. Written for undergraduate students and new graduate students in psychology (experimental), this handout provides information on writing in psychology and on experimental report and experimental article writing. Tables, Appendices, Footnotes and Endnotes.Writing in Psychology: Experimental Report Writing.Writing Letters of Recommendation for Students.
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